the Exchange Market Pressure and the Central Bank’s Direct Intervention in such a Market in Selected Oil-exporting Countries

The purpose of this study is to investigate the foreign exchange market pressure (EMP) and the impact of domestic and foreign variables in such markets to access the direct intervention of central banks in these markets in selected oil-exporting countries (Iran, Russia, Norway, and Mexico) during1997/1-2017/4, Using the VECM and VAR model. The results show that the general situation of the foreign exchange market in Iran and Russia is the appreciation of the national currency and in Mexico and Norway is neutral. Most of the direct interventions of the Central Bank of Iran are under Leaning Against the Wind, by contrast, the other countries' are normal. For Russia, fluctuations in real GDP, for Iran, fluctuations in domestic interest rates, and for Mexico and Norway, fluctuations in domestic and U.S. interest rates affect the EMP. In addition, to explain the level trend of EMP by its shock for each country, for Russia, real GDP shocks, and for Mexico, U.S. interest rates shocks and U.S. GDP shocks also explain the level trend of EMP. The central bank direct interventions of all countries except Norway reacted significantly to the oil price shocks, which can be interpreted that the Norwegian Oil Revenue Fund has succeeded in maintaining independence the central bank direct interventions from global oil market fluctuations.